Figure 1. Ultrasonic testing using pulse echo and through-transmission methods. Pulse echo (left and center) uses a transducer that sends and receives ultrasound energy, producing both A- and B-scan ...

Among the first decisions to be made when initiating a composites testing program is the selection of test methods to follow. Unless performing highly customized testing, it’s usually not difficult to ...

Wire bonding is widely used in electronic devices, the semiconductor industry, and microelectronics. It enables interconnections between the die and other electronic components in an integrated ...

A material’s hardness relates to its mechanical resistance when subjected to mechanical indentation by another harder body. Diamond is considered the hardest natural material and is typically used for ...

When choosing a method for monitoring the compressive strength of concrete, it’s important for project managers to consider the impact each technique will have on their schedule. While some testing ...

What methods can be applied to verify PCB functionality and safety? Which are suitable for mass production and for prototypes? What parameters are checked in each test? How to check a PCB without ...

There are a multitude of available test procedures and methods for water and wastewater treatment operators. They range from colorimetric, titrimetric, electrometric (meter & probe), turbimetric, ...