An endoscope with a transparent cap enters through a 2 cm mucosal incision into the submucosal “third” space, approximately 5 cm proximal to the lower esophageal sphincter. Four distinct tissue layers ...
Figure 4 is consistent with the pattern of type I achalasia. There is almost no pressurization in the proximal, middle, or distal portion of the esophagus with each swallow. Figure 5 permits ...
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