An endoscope with a transparent cap enters through a 2 cm mucosal incision into the submucosal “third” space, approximately 5 cm proximal to the lower esophageal sphincter. Four distinct tissue layers ...

For years, Akia McDowell had been told she had gastroesophageal reflux disease, a common – yet unpleasant – digestive disorder in which stomach acid backs up into the esophagus. Then, one day in early ...

Figure 4 is consistent with the pattern of type I achalasia. There is almost no pressurization in the proximal, middle, or distal portion of the esophagus with each swallow. Figure 5 permits ...