The previous framework (left) fails to take into account noises of the brain. The brain state transitions were written as point-to-point, the dynamics as deterministic, and the control cost as the ...

Probabilistic programming languages (PPLs) have emerged as a transformative tool for expressing complex statistical models and automating inference procedures. By integrating probability theory into ...

First, are macro shocks large enough to alter the course of the economy? Second, are they large enough to materially impact economic welfare? Lucas and many others have addressed these issues, but do ...